Advanced Construction Technologies

3D Printing

 In the Construction industry, the traditional methods are unchanged for decades. Several New and Innovative technologies are creating and developing in the current industry. At the same time, traditional methods are still using by peoples. Because there are hurdles to accept the innovative methods and designs. Peoples are unaware of new technologies and they get doubtful about their strength and cost of construction.

Alter methods or New Technologies Impact on Construction Industry

1.GFRG wall panel

The Abbreviation of GFRG is Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum wall panel using in modern construction. It is basically in white color and glossy finish. So, there is no need for wall Plastering activity. For that, there is a chance to reductions in the cost of constructions up to 30 percentage of total costs. We can directly apply for painting works. It gives an aesthetic look.

GFRG panels are only made in the factories and transporting to the construction site. Hydraulic Cranes to be used for lifting and erection purposes.

We need vacant land or Some space for the Unloading and crane movement to the erection.

Building Material and Technology Promotion Council of India-(BMTPCI) approved GFRG Panel as a construction material to use for construction in India

GFRG has some major benefits. they are,
  • Fire Resistance up to 1000℃
  • Temperature reducer upto 4℃
  • Earthquake resistant
  • Eco-friendly
  • Water-Resistant
  • And Economical

2.3D Printing House

In India First 3D printed house built in IIT-Madras, It is named TVASTA. It consists of One Hall, Bedroom, and Kitchen and the total built-up area of the house is around 600 sq. ft.

This house completely designed by using Concrete 3D Printing technology,
The duration of this house construction project is really a miracle because it is totally completed in only five days. But If we use traditional methods, it takes around five to six months.

This technology used houses strength has expected for 50 years and total construction costs reduced up to 30%

3.Mobile Technology

Mobile technology isn’t just for games anymore. Apps are becoming more of the norm in construction and for good reason. So if you want to start implementing technology, this is a good place to start.

Mobile technology can help to save time and keep your project moving forward faster by providing real-time updates and making information available between the job site and the office. Integrating this type of technology into your current processes can be much simpler and require a smaller upfront investment while still providing major benefits and boosting productivity in your day-to-day operations. The increased portability of tablets and smartphones allows for greater communication and the ability to work from anywhere. You can easily access the latest revisions to plans or report a problem to the project manager off-site.

4. Building Information Modelling

BIM is a process of building digital data and it offers 3D data which helps in proper and accurate planning. BIM is similar to CAD (computer-aided design), but not exactly the same. It captures things in a way that paper just can’t. The use of BIM provides space for better collaboration because each person and expertise area can add their piece to the same model, instead of breaking out onto multiple versions of a 2D paper drawing. BIM also helps with problem-solving in the design and planning stages of a project, by automating clash detection and providing a more complete picture of the project. This way, the model evolves immediately as people contribute, streamlining the process and increasing efficiency. But its capabilities don’t stop there: “It doesn’t just create a visually appealing 3D model of your building—it creates numerous layers of metadata and renders them within a collaborative workflow,” writes Engineering.com. It is software for 3D design to digitally model what will be built.

5.Artificial Intelligence

It can also identify when information or pieces are missing and ask questions, and use the data it collects. “AI can replicate the judgments, decisions, and actions of humans without getting fatigued,” said Dan Kara of ABI Research. The construction industry is already seeing the implementation of artificial intelligence on the job site with the use of robotics for tasks like bricklaying and autonomous equipment that can operate and complete tasks without the need for human interaction.

AI can benefit construction projects through increased safety, improving workflows, and getting jobs done faster and better.


Lists Of Indian Standards and Its Descriptions




 INDIAN STANDARDS                                                    ITEMS


456-2000                                        Code of Practice for plain and Reinforced concrete ( IVth Revision)

516-1959                                        Methods of test for the strength of concrete

458-1971                                        Concrete Pipes (with or without reinforcement) (second revision)

458-2003                                        Precast Concrete Pipes (with or without reinforcement) (IVth revision)

702-1988                                        Industrial bitumen ( second version)

654-1972                                        Clay roofing tiles, Mangalore pattern (second revision)

822-1970                                        Code of procedure for inspection of welds

1121 (Part I to IV)- 1974                Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural                                                             building stones (first revision)

1124-1974                                        Method of tests for determination of water absorption, apparent                                                                 specific gravity, and porosity of natural building stones (first                                                                      revision)

1199-1959                                        Method of sampling and analysis of concrete

1542-1977                                       Sand for plaster (first revision)

1489-1976                                        Portland Pozzolana Cement (second revision)

1237-1980                                        Cement concrete flooring tiles. (first revision)

1254-1975                                        Specification for corrugated aluminum sheet

1526-1960                                        Size and shapes for fire bricks (230mm series)

1464-1973                                        Clay ridge and ceiling tiles (first revision)

2386 (Part I to VIII)-  1963              Method of test for aggregates for concrete

2185 Part-I  -1979                            Concrete Masonry Units (second revision)

2470 (Part I & II)-  1985                  Code of practice for septic tanks.

Few Hints about Vastushastra:-

Building Vastushastra-:


The Main key points to adhere to while constructing the buildings, whether its residential building or any other occupancies,

  1. For North or East face plots, Gate should be in the North-East direction. it may face East or Northside.
  2. The building should be built from the southwest corner of the plots, that means more open space to be left on East and North side of the plot. South and west side minimum space to be provide comparing to North and East.
  3. The Building height should be more on the south and west. On Northeast, corner level to be lower than southwest.
  4. Stair-case should be in the south and west, because of its height and weight.
  5. Water Sump and Borewell to provide only in the Northeast corner.
  6. The Overhead tank should be either or South or West in the southwest corner.
  7. The number of doors and windows are should be EVEN only. Avoid in ODDS.
  8. Septic Tanks are acceptable in North-West and South-East corners. North-West is the main preference.
  9. Verandahs should be provided on the North and East sides. Avoid in South and West sides.
  10. Balconies similar to verandahs, only on the North and East sides.
  11. More Windows openings towards North and East sides, South and Wets sides provide less number of windows compared to North and east. 
  12. The southwest room should be the Master Bedroom, South-East should be the kitchen and North-East should be Pooja Room.
  13. The Compound walls of the south and west sides should thicker and higher than those North and East sides.
  14. Bathroom commodes to be facing towards North-south direction.
  15. Car-Garage should not be joined with the main building and compound wall.
  16. Septic tank in North-West corner to be preferred and not touch with main building and compound wall.
  17. For South face plots, Gate or Main Door opening should be in South-East corner and avoid in the South-west corner.
  18. For West face plots, Gate or Main Door opening should be in North-West corner. Avoid in South-West corner.
  19. Pooja Room should not place under Toilets and Staircase
  20. Staircase flight to be in clockwise, avoid Anti-clockwise run.
  21. The walls nor any structure should not place or construct in the middle of the house, This portion called Brahmasthanam.
  22. Basically, more sunlight in the morning less sunlight in the evening is good for the house. Cross Ventilation will reduce the heat in the house.
  23. Maintain all Room Doors in the house to be faced North or East.
  24. The Main Door opening size should be more than other doors and openings.
  25. High-grown trees should be planted in Southwest corners. Avoid in East or North sides.
  26. Small plantations can be provided on the East sides.

Anti-termite Chemical Treatment

Peripheral Treatment
Termite affected surface


Treatment for R.C.C

 For example, to dilute a chemical of 30 percent concentration, 59 parts of water to one part of the chemical shall be added to achieve 0.5 percent concentration. Foundations and Basements Soil in immediate contact with the vertical surfaces of R.C.C, foundations shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 liters per square meter. Certified Vessels shall be used for the dilution of the chemical. 

Treatment of Masonry Foundations and Basement 

The base surface and the sides (up to a height of a minimum of 300 mm) of excavations made for masonry foundations and basements shall be treated with the chemical at the rate of 5 liters/sq. m surface area. For obtaining the specified combination, the chemical shall be diminished with water in the required quantity before it is used. After the masonry foundations and the retaining wall of the basements come up, the backfilling immediate contact with the foundation structure shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 liters/sq. m of the vertical surface of the sub-structure for each side. 

Treatment of Soil along External Perimeter of Building 

After the building is complete but before laying plinth protection, holes shall be made in the soil with iron rods along the external perimeter of the building at intervals of about 150 mm and depth 300 mm and these holes shall be filled with the chemical emulsion at the rate of 7.5 liters per sq. meter of the vertical surface of the perimeter of the external wall. 

Treatment of Top Surface of Plinth Filling 

The top surface of the filled earth within plinth walls shall be treated with the chemical emulsion at the rate of 5 liters/sq. m of the surface before the sand bed/hardcore or sub-grade is laid.   

Chemical

Any of the following chemicals conforming to the relevant IS specification in water emulsion shall be applied uniformly at the prescribed rate in all stages of treatment 


                                Chemical                               Concentration by weight percent 

                                                                               For mound treatment              For soil treatment 
Aldrin emulsifiable concentrates conforming 
to IS 1307-1982                                                                             0.25                                0.50 

Heptachlor emulsifiable concentrates 
conforming to IS 6439-1978                                                     0.25                                0.50 

Chlordane emulsifiable concentrates 
conforming to IS 2682-1984                                                     0.50                               1,00 

The concentration of the chemical as emulsifiable concentrate is indicated on the sealed containers. Treatment of Soil under apron along the external perimeter of building Top surface of the consolidated earth over the apron is to be laid shall be treated with the chemical emulsion at the rate of 5 liters/Sq. m of the vertical surface before the apron is laid.

Define Building and Its Classification

Industrial Building
Residential
Classification
     

    A building defined as a structure built with walls and a roof. The Building has defined in civil engineering parlance is used to mean a structure having various elements like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, ventilators, stairs, lifts, numerous surface finishes, etc.,
    As a civil engineer is mainly concerned with the construction of buildings, it is essential for him to acquire adequate knowledge of construction activities and their components.

BUILDINGS CLASSIFICATIONS

Usually, buildings as a structure are differentiate based on occupancy and type of their construction. Tents, shamianas, tarpaulin shelters, etc., are not included in the definition of a building.

Based on Occupancy,

Buildings are classified in to several groups such as,

Residential Buildings         -    Group A
Educational Buildings         -    Group B
Institutional Buildings                 -    Group C
Assembly Buildings             -    Group D
Business Buildings                 -    Group E
Mercantile Buildings         -    Group F
Industrial Buildings             -    Group G
Storage Buildings                 -    Group H
Hazardous Buildings         -    Group J


Building Engineering Drawing

 Elevations and Plans

            The plan of the buildings and elevations and sections accompanying the notice shall be drawn to a scale of 1: 100. 
2D Drawing
3D Layout


The plans and details shall,
a) include floor plans of all floors together with

 the covered area clearly indicating the size and
spacings of all framing members and sizes of
rooms and the position of staircases, ramps
and liftwells 

 

b) show the use or occupancy of all parts of the
buildings

 

c) show exact location of essential services, for
example, WC, sink, bath and the like;

 

d) include at least one elevation from the front
showing height of building and rooms and also

 the height of parapet.

 

e) include at least one section through the
staircase.

 

f) include the structural arrangements with
appropriate sections showing type/
arrangement of footings, foundations,
basement walls; structural load bearing walls,
columns and beams, and shear walls; and
arrangement/spacing of framing members,
floor slabs and roof slabs with the material
used for the same.

 

g) show all street elevations;

 

h) give dimensions of the projected portions
beyond the permissible building line;

 

j) include terrace plan indicating the drainage
and the slope of the roof; and

 

k) give indications of the north point relative to
the plan.
    


NOTE — The requirement of 1 : 100 is permitted to be flexible for specific details needed for further illustration; and also for drawings for these in electronic form.

WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ITS SUB-DISCIPLENES

CIVIL ENGINEERING


Survival Of Humans
Constructing Shelter/Home
Advanced in Construction

    Civil Engineering is a very old engineering discipline, it has been an aspect of life since the origin of human survival. when the humans start to live as a family together and they start to find the solution for their basic needs. They built their shelters or home by using available resources such as stones, woods, etc.,

         "Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with accumulations of various departments. they are Designs, Planning, Scheduling, Costing, and Execution. These are departments that work together and give a shape of a project in Civil Engineering

            The Word Project means an activity that has a start time and End time is called Project. So, Above said all departments worked together and complete the projects within the timeline and Budget. 

           The Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London in the year of 1818. After two years (1820)The Eminent Engineer Mr. Thomas Telford became the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). The ICE received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognized civil engineering as a profession. 

Civil Engineering Disciplines:

       Broad Civil Engineering has several sub-disciplines. Each sub-discipline takes over its roles and performs well by specialized Engineers and skilled technicians in a proper manner.

Sub-disciplines:

  • Construction Engineering
  • Coastal Engineering
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geo-Technical Engineering
  • Material Science and Engineering
  • Structural Engineering
  • Surveying
  • Transportation Engineering
  • Water Resources Engineering
  • Earthquake Engineering